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Stampa Stampa
148

LA VERGOGNA, UN SENTIMENTO DI TEMPI PASSATI


La più sociale delle emozioni, cosa sta succedendo al nostro comune vivere e sentire, ai comportamenti individuali e alle relazioni sociali

 di Salvatore CONDITO 

PRESERRE (CZ) –  29 NOVEMBRE 2019 –  «Sono sereno». 

Lo dichiarano davanti alle telecamere i calciatori indagati nel calcio scommesse, se ne vantano con altrettanta nonchalance i politici, gli amministratori, gli uomini d’affari presi con le mani sulle tangenti, i professionisti delle ruberie e dello sfruttamento, gli evasori e i condonati. 

Lo ripetono come un mantra affaristi che hanno fatto dell’illegalità un mestiere e non certo a loro insaputa. 

Tutti sereni, e il peggio è che forse lo sono davvero. «Sono tranquillo, non ho niente di cui vergognarmi» è l’estrema sintesi di un sentire diffuso, sfrontato e spudorato che, – nel pubblico come nel privato – ha messo a tacere imbarazzi e sensi di colpa e sostituito la sorpresa alla vergogna di essere colti in fallo. 

Inutile evocarla, la vergogna non abita più qui. Sparita, negata, dimenticata oppure, sospesa in qualche luogo sconosciuto, esiliata e zittita come una voce scomoda e dolorosa che richiama parole come coscienza, dignità, onestà, limiti, decenza, disapprovazione? 

Siamo diventati una società di senza vergogna o semplicemente anche la vergogna, considerata oggi un problema poco assillante e facilmente risolvibile, non è più quella di una volta? 

È la domanda da cui parte Vergogna. Metamorfosi di un’emozione il saggio di Gabriella Turnaturi, sociologa all’università di Bologna, che l’editore Feltrinelli ha appena mandato in libreria (200 pagine, 18 euro). 

Una ricerca nata dall’esigenza di capire, attraverso la prospettiva della vergogna, la più sociale delle emozioni, cosa sta succedendo al nostro comune vivere e sentire, ai comportamenti individuali e alle relazioni sociali . 

Spiega Gabriella Turnaturi: «La vergogna non è scomparsa. Le emozioni, che sono costruzioni sociali, non spariscono mai del tutto. Piuttosto si trasformano, cambiano di intensità, di oggetto e di espressione a seconda delle epoche, dei contesti storici e culturali. 

Bisogna solo scoprire dove la vergogna è andata a finire e come si è trasformata nella società della spettacolarizzazione e dell’individualismo esasperato in un contesto di scarsa autorevolezza delle istituzioni sui comportamenti». Indagine complessa non solo perché le emozioni non sono mai isolate e dunque a cascata una trascina l’altra. 

Cercare la vergogna equivale a tastare il polso del senso comune, del pudore di una comunità, della sua capacità di indignarsi e del grado di coesione o di scollamento dei legami sociali: più coesione c’è più la vergogna circola. 

Al contrario in una società in cui mostrarsi ed esibirsi rappresentano un imperativo categorico, è sempre più difficile che l’imbarazzo e il desiderio di nascondersi e sparire diventino se non urgenti, almeno possibili. 

Un po’ come dimettersi da un incarico per vergogna e senso della propria dignità: pura fantasia.

 «Oggi, che all’azione si è sostituita la prestazione – continua la sociologa – la vera vergogna è diventata una faccenda individuale, privata. 

Ma se ciascuno risponde solo a se stesso, se nessuno teme il giudizio morale altrui e non c’è timore del biasimo o dell’indignazione, la vergogna diventa un facile fai-da-te i cui limiti sono spostati a proprio piacimento a seconda del momento e del pubblico che si è scelto come riferimento». 

E ogni inciampo apparirà soltanto un incidente di percorso o poco più. In questo contesto però ci sono ancora comportamenti vergognosi, anche se del tutto nuovi rispetto a quelli considerati obsoleti che avevano a che fare con il tradimento del proprio onore o dei doveri legati al proprio ruolo. 

«Non avere successo, non sapere vendersi bene, sentirsi inadeguati, non dal punto di vista etico ma della prestazione e dell’immagine che si vuole dare di sé, sono nuove forme di vergogna. 

La realtà ci mostra un paradosso: il momento del massimo individualismo e della massima unicità è diventato anche quello del massimo conformismo, del così fan tutti assurto a regola di vita e a cultura che autorizza la massima libertà di comportamento». Il buon uso della vergogna consiste nel riconoscere questa sofferenza e liberarsene, trasformandola in qualcosa che può ravvivare la nostra umanità». 

Lo stesso può succedere nella costruzione dei legami sociali: «Proviamo a pensare all’ingiustizia, alle disuguaglianze, alle umiliazioni cui assistiamo senza girarci dall’altra parte. 

Allora la vergogna che si fa indignazione, può prendere la parola e trasformarsi in azione, può segnare un momento di svolta, di mutamento di sé e del mondo circostante. Ma questo può succedere solo se ci rendiamo conto che non siamo soli sulla terra e che il nostro è un mondo di relazioni». 

Allora si che la vergogna può diventare rivoluzionaria.

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