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PRESERRE (CZ) – ALLERGIE, NE SOFFRE IL 18% DEGLI ITALIANI


I consigli per come difendersi

di REDAZIONE

PRESERRE (CZ) – 13 MARZO 2018 –  Il 15-18% degli italiani soffre di allergie respiratorie. Causa scatenante i pollini che soprattutto in primavera fanno sentire i loro effetti negativi: lacrimazione, starnuti, prurito al palato, al naso e agli occhi, tosse secca e stizzosa.

Secondo Domenico Schiavino, responsabile dell’unita’ di Allergologia del Policlinico Agostino Gemelli di Roma, le allergie sono in costante aumento.

“All’inizio del secolo scorso gli allergici erano cosi’ pochi che la malattia veniva definita atopica, cioe’ non classificabile – sottolinea Schiavino, interpellato all’AGI -. Con l’inquinamento ambientale le cose sono radicalmente cambiate. L’allergia non e’ mai un fatto genetico, esiste una familiarita’ ma le condizioni ambientali sono determinanti.

In alcuni paesi africani, per esempio, non esiste affatto l’asma allergica. Pensi che le vespe e le api non nidificano piu’ in Italia, in Spagna e in altri paesi del Mediterraneo perche’ l’aria che respirano non piace nemmeno a loro”.

Il primo consiglio, per i soggetti esposti, e’ di tenere ben presente il calendario dei pollini. “La impollinazione pre-primaverile e’ gia’ avvenuta – spiega Schiavino -. Piante come il cipresso e il nocciolo hanno ormai impollinato e chi e’ sensibile a questi allergeni ora sta meglio. C’e’ da sottolineare che queste piante, avendo il polline grosso, possono determinare riniti ma non l’asma.

Le parietarie officinalis, cioe’ l’erba selvatica resistentissima a tutto, si stanno invece attivando in questo periodo e il loro polline piccolo, circa 15 micron, scende profondamente nelle vie respiratorie e provoca fenomeni asmatici. 

Le parietarie – sottolinea l’allergologo – cominciano a dare fastidio da marzo fino a tutto giugno. A luglio e ad agosto danno una tregua, ma riprendono a impollinare da settembre a novembre. Quindi tanti mesi all’anno, provocando una sintomatologia quasi perenne”.

Ma le piu’ temute sono le graminacee, che fioriscono da aprile a giugno, e cosi’ pure l’ulivo: nel Sud della Puglia, dove e’ particolarmente diffuso, e’ responsabile di molte allergie respiratorie. Si continua con le composite, che vanno da meta’ giugno a meta’ settembre.

“Nelle regioni del Nord – nota Schiavino – da una quindicina di anni sta prendendo piede l’allergia all’ambrosia che in Italia non esisteva. Probabilmente ci e’ arrivata dagli Stati Uniti, trasportata dalle derrate o dalle ruote degli aerei, poiche’ il primo posto dove ha attecchito e’ stato l’aeroporto di Malpensa”.

Oggi il kit di farmaci disponibili per curarsi e’ molto piu’ efficace che nel passato. In primo luogo ci sono i vaccini. “L’esame allergologico va fatto in autunno, entro la fine dell’anno si deve iniziare il trattamento desensibilizzante che va portato avanti fino a giugno – consiglio il medico -. Si tratta di fare iniezioni una volta alla settimana, anche se oggi le stiamo usando di meno e preferiamo somministrare i vaccini per via sublinguale. Hanno un’efficacia analoga e danno meno effetti collaterali.

Col vaccino innalziamo la soglia di tolleranza all’allergene e oltre l’80% dei pazienti non presenta piu’ disturbi significativi”.
Per quanto riguarda la terapia sintomatica, sono consigliabili gli antistaminici di nuova generazione che danno meno problemi di sonnolenza e i cortisonici nasali. “I pazienti si spaventano a sentire parlare di cortisone ma la quantita’ e’ bassa, viene assorbita a livello locale e non bisogna avere paura”.

In linea generale non si deve mai sottovalutare un’allergia respiratoria che duri per piu’ di due mesi. “Se le mucose nasali restano infiammate a lungo possono provocare rinosinusiti severe – avverte Schiavino -. Per questi soggetti e’ consigliabile il vaccino perche’ con il tempo si potrebbe determinare una situazione di asma bronchiale”.

Oltre al vaccino che tipo di prevenzione si puo’ adottare? “Va molto bene fare le vacanze al mare perche’ la brezza tiene l’aria pulita”, afferma l’allergologo. “Quando si va in giro in automobile occorre tenere i finestrini chiusi e cambiare i filtri ogni anno, scegliendo quelli con i fori piu’ piccoli e sottili per bloccare il particolato.

Ai giovani che vanno in moto suggerisco di mettere sotto il casco integrale una bandana o una mascherina per bloccare l’ingresso del polline. In piena impollinazione – conclude Schiavno – tenere chiuse le finestre di casa e cambiare l’aria a mezzanotte o all’alba, perche’ i pollini calano quando la temperatura si abbassa”.

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