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Stampa Stampa
95

PRESERRE (CZ) – L’ASSOCIAZIONE CULTURALE “CALABRIA IN ARMI” RICORDA LA ‘PRIMAVERA DI PRAGA’


Primavera 1967: l’Europa si prepara a vivere il Sessantotto e l’invasione sovietica di Praga. Riceviamo e pubblichiamo:

PRESERRE (CZ) – 23 GENNAIO 2018 – Il 1967 sarà storicamente ricordato come l’anno delle spinte rivoluzionarie e reazionarie del periodo post bellico: dopo, infatti, la rivolta dei neri e degli hippies, iniziata decenni prima, l’America si prepara al cambiamento alla fine degli anni sessanta, con il fenomeno noto come il “Sessantotto” caratterizzato dalla possente spinta a sinistra del kennedismo, nonostante Bob Kennedy avesse proposto graduali e moderatissimi cambiamenti di rinnovamento sociale.

Anche in Europa, il fenomeno del Sessantotto ha la sua prima espressione ad Est con l’elezione politica di Alexander Dubček, venuto alla ribalta per l’avvertita necessità di riforme democratiche in Cecoslovacchia, mutamenti che presero il nome di “Socialismo dal volto umano”, con il fine di sviluppare un sistema economico con una più rilevante libertà politica, di stampa e di espressione.

Questo progetto riformista trovò larghi consensi tra gli operai nelle fabbriche e tra le donne. Ciononostante la progettualità di nascenti cambiamenti fu valutata come minacciosa dalla ex Unione Sovietica in quanto i territori della Cecoslovacchia si estendevano geograficamente al centro dello schieramento difensivo del Patto di Varsavia e il nuovo corso democratico avrebbe potuto turbare i consolidati equilibri politici dell’Europa orientale. 

Dubček, infatti, era convinto sostenitore del  cosiddetto “nuovo corso”, una strategia politica volta ad introdurre elementi di democrazia in tutti i settori della società.

L’acronimo “Primavera di Praga”, di cui quest’anno ricorre il cinquantenario, incarna il periodo di riforme e di grande mobilitazione politica a sostegno popolare, il più robusto e organico tentativo di ristrutturazione del socialismo. Tuttavia la stagione delle riforme di Dubček culminò il 21 agosto 1968 quando una forza militare sovietica, stimata fra i 200.000 e i 600.000 uomini e fra 5.000 e 7.000 veicoli corazzati, invase il paese. Dubček, denominato l’eroe della Primavera di Praga, dopo l’arresto tornò alla vita pubblica nel 1988 quando l’Università di Bologna gli tributò la laurea honoris causa in Scienze politiche. 

Quattro anni dopo Dubček, in viaggio per Mosca per deporre davanti al tribunale costituzionale sui fatti del 1968, trovò la morte a causa di un incidente sull’autostrada nei pressi di Humpolec. In definitiva la Primavera di Praga è stato un periodo storico di liberalizzazione politica dove le riforme furono il tentativo da parte di Dubček di concedere ulteriori diritti ai cittadini grazie ad un decentramento parziale dell’economia e alla democratizzazione.

Le riforme, in particolare il decentramento delle autorità amministrative, non furono assecondate dai sovietici che, dopo il fallimento dei negoziati, inviarono truppe e blindati del Patto di Varsavia ad occupare il paese e tale occupazione si concluse alla fine del 1990.

Benché il paese attraversò, con l’occupazione, un periodo di “normalizzazione”, si sviluppò un’ondata di emigrazione, stimata in 70.000 unità nell’immediato e di 300.000 in totale, che interessò soprattutto cittadini di elevata qualifica professionale. Gli emigranti riuscirono in gran parte ad integrarsi senza problemi nei paesi dell’Europa occidentale, ove si rifugiarono.

(a cura del Dott. Andrea GALIANO)

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